The Refractive Index

The refractive index Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find the refractive index of a glass prism. In this experiment, the independent variable is the angle of incidence, and the dependent variable is the angle of refraction. Theory: Snell’s law relates the angle of incidence and refraction to the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the different media. The formula for Snell’s law is the following: Sin isinr = v1v2 = n Where i is the angle of incidence, r is the angle of refraction and v1 and v2 are the velocities of the wave in different media and n is the refractive index.Light refracts when it passes from one medium to another. The ratio of the velocity of light in the two media is called the refractive index. Materials and method: For this experiment we used a half glass circle attached on the center of a laminated paper with a drawn circle around it, a blue/violet laser with a wavelength 447nm and a wood block. First we started by placing the flat side of the half glass circle attached to the paper in front of the laser. Depending on the angle we wanted to find, we used the drawn circle on the paper to decide where to put the laser on the half side of the drawn circle.The angles of incidence we used were 10 °, 20 °, 30 °, 40 °, 50 ° and 60 °. First we measured the angle of incidence, where we placed the wood block perpendicular to the ray. To control the variables, the laser should have the same wavelength for all the angles to get the same refractive index and the ray should hit the center of the glass circle, so to check that the ray hits the center of the glass circle, we placed a wood block at the angle of reflection to see if the angle of reflection is the same as the angle of incidence, because we know that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.Another thing which makes it easier to hit the center of the glass circle is by placing a paper on the flat side of the circle and see if the ray hits the ce nter of the circle and by placing the wood block perpendicular. Then we measured the angle of the refraction on the other half of the drawn circle, where we again placed the wood block perpendicular. We measured the angle of refraction by looking perpendicular down from the wood block, to see close where the ray hits the wood block, to see more precise where the angle of refraction is.We repeated this method for all the different angles of incidence and repeated every angle two times. D 2 1 2 You write â€Å"to control the variables† which variables? You should mention the wavelength and the hitting the center explicitly as variables to be controlled and why. Results: Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction1  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction2  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction3  ± 0. 1 °| 10 °| 6. 9 °| 7. 1 °| 7. 0 °| 20 °| 13. 6 °| 13. 5 °| 13. 5 °| 30 °| 20. 0 °| 20. 1 °| 20. 0 °| 40 °| 25. 6 °| 25. 8 °| 25. 7 °| 50 °| 30 . 7 °| 30.  °| 30. 8 °| 60 °| 35. 9 °| 35. 9 °| 36. 0 °| Example: First we find the average and uncertainty for the angle of refraction: 7. 2- 6. 8 2 =  ± 0. 2 ° Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Average angle of refraction ± 0. 2 °| 10 °| 7. 0 ° | 20 °| 13. 5 ° | 30 °| 20. 0 ° | 40 °| 25. 7 ° | 50 °| 30. 8 ° | 60 °| 35. 9 ° | The refractive index: We know that the formula is sinisinr = v1v2 = refractive index, so by applying the information we know to the formula, we can find the refractive index. Example: Uncertainty for refractive index: ( sin(10. 1)sin(6. 8) – sin (9. )sin(7. 2) )/2 =0. 045 ?  ± 0. 05 sin(10 °) sin(7. 0 °) = 1. 42  ± 0. 05 Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Angle of refraction  ± 0. 2 °| Refractive index| 10 ° | 7. 0 °| 1. 42  ± 0. 05| 20 °| 13. 5 ° | 1. 47  ± 0. 03| 30 °| 20. 0 ° | 1. 46  ± 0. 02| 40 °| 25. 7 ° | 1. 48  ± 0. 01| 50 °| 30. 8 ° | 1. 50 ± 0. 01| 60 °| 3 5. 9 ° | 1. 48  ± 0. 01| Refractive index Intervals: Angle of incidence  ± 0. 1 °| Refractive index intervals| 10 ° | 1. 37 – 1. 47| 20 °| 1. 44 – 1. 50| 30 °| 1. 44 – 1. 48| 40 °| 1. 47 – 1. 49| 50 °| 1. 49 – 1. 51| 60 °| 1. 47 – 1. 49| DCP 2 2 2 Conclusion:From the table we can see that there is no interval, where at least one number from each interval is included. The consequences of the small angles are more serious than the bigger angles. Snell’s law states that no matter what the angle of incidence is, the refractive index would be the same. From the results I gained (disregarding the angle of incidence equals to 10 °), I can state that Snell’s law is confirmed in this case. Evaluation: The method has some weaknesses. The glass prism is not exactly in the center of the drawn circle, which is why the results are not quite correct.There might also be some misreading when reading the small angles, that has leaded to that the small angles of incidence’s results are a bit uncommon and almost an outliers, but overall reading the angles could be one of the errors too. Suggestions: It would be better to glue the glass prism more precise in the center of the circle, so that the result would be more precise. Another thing to improve the method is by using a Vernier gauge to measure the size of small distances more accurate. CE 1 2 2 The one because the meaning of the red sentence is not clear! Very well, this is your best up to now. grade 7

Why Should Drunk Drivers Be Severely Punished

There are many rule violation occur everyday in town, especially when it comes to vehicle. Some may break the rule of driving before 17-year-old. Others may drive when they are drunk. It is not quite sure which one is more dangerous, however, this essay shall explore some reasons why drunk drivers should be severely punished. Firstly, drunk drivers are absolutely forbidden since it can cause a wreak havoc in the street. Furthermore, the condition can also claim many innocent lives. People who do not realize how dangerous it is to drive while they are drunk should be given a proper education about driving.For instance, if one has a formal education about driving before they jumped to the street, they would have a better understanding about the dangerous of driving when they are drunk than those who do not receive the education. Secondly, drunk driving can not only claim innocent lives, but also can inflict financial loss to one state. Imagine how much that must be paid to fix the brok en street or other public facilities just because of one’s carelessness. In fact, it can also spend months or maybe years to rebuild the facilities.For example, if one drunk driver accidentally hit a prestigious hotel, the quantity of loss may be unthinkable to rebuild the hotel. Finally, they should be convicted to prevent if they would do the same thing again in the near future. There are many reasons to support the statement, one is to enhance the drivers’ vigilance when they are driving in the street. As a matter of fact, one would stop to repeat their mistakes if they have been penalized. In a nutshell, it is clear that drunk drivers should be severely punished from the reasons mentioned above. In my opinion, people should not drive when they are drunk to save themselves and others.

Bystander Effect

The bystander effect is the name given to a social psychological phenomenon in cases where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. It is a situational ambiguity; when we are confused about a situation and unconsciously interpret the event as if nothing is happening unusual. Some researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. We usually develop an illusion of normality. Because of the ignorance of other people in emergency situation; we also feel that nothing is so serious and it will be fine. One major factor of bystander effect is busy life and too much introvert behaviour. We rarely give a thought to stop and judge the situation and react accordingly. Some researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. There are couple of more reasons which are cause of bystander effect. One of them is feeling of being unqualified to interfere in such situation.We think that our knowledge for such situation is not enough to jump into and a fear arises inside which pushes us away from the situation. Because in first place we always want to put ourself in safe place. Also, we generally try to look the behaviour of other people to get tan idea of seriousness of the situation , other people’s reaction or action in emergency situation usually effects our thinking . This is called as social proof which we look for before getting into the situation. Social influence on our mind is the factor which plays critical role in our life.There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.The importance of taking responsibility explains why behaviours consistent with the bystander effect can be observed in situations even outside a typical crowd situation, such as a series of passers-by in a public place. Even though they may be alone at the time, the knowledge of others who are likely to pass by also can negate responsibility. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a lovers quarrel, and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lab Report Example Quiz I: Psychometric Analysis The 12 item quiz described as Quiz I was associated with a mean of 6.4 and an SD of 2.657 (min = 0, max = 12). The distribution of the total scores was not very normal with skew observed to be 0.111 and kurtosis to be -0.888. The Pearson correlations between the 12 items in the quiz are reported in table 1. This shows that while the test has otherwise acceptable psychometric properties, some items may need to be revised or removed. An item discrimination analysis was conducted to investigate the contribution of each item to the test. Specifically, D index values were estimated for each of the 12 items in the quiz based on splitting the sample into high (73rd percentile and above) and low (27th percentile and below) quiz performers in accordance with Kelly (1939). Based on a frequency table analysis of the ‘quiz I performance’ variable, the split corresponded to scores of 4 or lower being associated with the lower set while scores of 9 or hig her were associated with the higher set. Table 2 shows discriminatory index for each of the items, and it is evident that items 11 and 12 did not achieve a D index of more than 29%. This could mean that these items are poorly constructed or that they do not contribute to the test as well as the other items (Crocker & Algnia, 1986). The item total correlations also verify that these items contribute poorly to the quiz and have correlation coefficient s of less than 0.20. The internal consistency analysis conducted using the Cronbach’s ? was also marginally below the requisite 0.70 level (Nunnally & Brenstien, 1994) with a statistic value of 0.683. Given this data, it was believed that the quiz needed to be revised. Thus, items 12 and 11 were sequentially removed from the quiz and the Cronbach’s ? was re-estimated. The quiz was now composed of 10 items and was associated with an acceptable ? level of 0.734. The revised scale had a mean score of 5.128 with SD = 2.56 (min = 0, max = 10).the distribution of scores for the new quiz was also slightly more normalized with skew = 0.20 and kurtosis = -0.780. Quiz II: Psychometric analysis The 11 item quiz described as Quiz II was associated with a mean of 5.48 and an SD of 2.67 (min = 0, max = 11). The distribution of the total scores was approximately normal with skew observed to be 0.043 and kurtosis to be -0.8. The Pearson correlations between the 11 items in the quiz are reported in table 3. This shows that the test has acceptable psychometric properties. An item discrimination analysis was conducted to investigate the contribution of each item to the test. Specifically, D index values were estimated for each of the 11 items in the quiz based on splitting the sample into high (73rd percentile and above) and low (27th percentile and below) quiz performers in accordance with Kelly (1939). Based on a frequency table analysis of the quiz performance variable, the split corresponded to scores of 4 or lower being associated with the lower set while scores of 7 or higher were associated with the higher set. Table 4 shows discriminatory index for each of the items, all of which managed to achieve an acceptable D index (Crocker & Algnia, 1986). The item total correlations also verify that all items did contribute adequately to the quiz and

WEEK 2 DQ 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WEEK 2 DQ 2 - Assignment Example Another difference is that the ERG theory considers a random movement of the needs in the hierarchy, whereas Maslow’s theory considers a systematic satisfaction of the needs starting from the bottom to the top. The third difference also relates to the movement within the hierarchy (Loh, Dawn, & Schapper, p. 14). The ERG theory states that a person can move backwards in the satisfaction of their needs, while Maslow’s theory states that once a need is satisfied the situation becomes permanent. I have applied the ERG theory in various ways. For instance, there was a time when I became sick and had an admission at the hospital. The treatment took a whole week and I could not manage to pay the bill because the money I had was meant for the college semester that followed. However, I had to employ the ERG theory and moved backwards in the hierarchy. I used the money meant for my school fee to clear the hospital

2015 milan women ready to wear collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2015 milan women ready to wear collection - Essay Example Next, let’s move on to London where we chose three stores, namely Selfridge, Harrods and Harvey Nichols. Most brands they stocked are high-end. Now let us talk about some brands that we picked. The first one is Agnona, which belongs to Zegna group. The price ranges between 550 and 6000 euro. You can shop for this brand through department stores such as harrods, neimanmarcus and you also can find the clothes on the Stylight and Yoox website. Second is Andrea incontri, whose price ranges between 300 and1200 euros. This brand is not accessible everywhere, but you can find the clothes through department store and multi brand stores. It is sold in concept stores such as Dover store both in Tokyo, London and yoox and the corner, which are ecommerce. The third brand is Auilanorimondi, which sells for 150-1000 euro. You could find the brand in la rinasente, Harvey Nichols in hk. Famous multi store that has this brand is Biffi, which sells online through yoox and the corner. The last brand we focused on is blumarine, which goes for 500-10000 euro. You can find this elegant brand in high-end store like Harvey Nichols, Neiman and Saks as well as in the ecommerce, the corner and

US criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

US criminal justice - Essay Example Before going into the discussion regarding affect of one’s opinion about the purpose of sentencing on selecting the most appropriate type of punishment, let us get a better understanding of what sentencing actually is.Sentencing is a stage in criminal justice system in which a judge decides a punishment for a criminal. The purpose of sentencing plays a very critical role in deciding the most suitable type of punishment because it makes a judge decide whether to satisfy the victim or to punish the offender according to the law. The judges, however, can make the decision on their own in a very few situations because they have to look at the punishment which is set in the law for any specific crime. The way the juries make a decision against criminals has been continuously changing with time (Renter). For some crimes, there are laws, which apply fines and banishment for the criminals whereas for some crimes, there are very harsh punishments set for the criminals. â€Å"Today the re are many things the criminal justice system aims to do by imposing punishments and sentences† (Renter). One’s belief in the purpose of sentencing plays a crucial role in reducing the crime rate from a country. In the US criminal justice system, the aim of the judges is to reduce the crime by sentencing the criminals on merit. The goal should be to make the criminals refrain from crimes by giving law-based punishments to the criminals. Some judges believe that sentencing should be a way to stop the criminals from committing crimes by giving harsh punishments to the criminals whereas others believe that sentencing should also involve will of the victims in order to satisfy the victims properly. Therefore, one’s belief about the purpose of sentencing plays a critical role in deciding appropriate punishments for the criminals. Answer: No: 2 Some of the most famous sentencing models in the United States include indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing, and mandatory sentencing. Indeterminate Sentencing In indeterminate sentencing, the judges state a minimum and maximum length of imprisonment for the criminals depending on the nature of the crime committed by them. It is the most widely used sentencing model in the United States of America (Siegal 498). The minimum time of imprisonment is must for all criminals whereas the maximum time depends on some specific circumstances. The model gives power to the judges to decide the number of years for the imprisonment of the criminal by providing the judges with both limits for the years of imprisonment. Indeterminate sentencing provides range and flexibility to the judges by giving them the power to decide the appropriate duration for imprisonment of the criminals. Determinate Sentencing Determinate sentences are fixed terms of incarceration in which the offender has to spend a specific number of years in the prison. In determinate sentencing, there is a set of guidelines for the judges that define the parameters to be followed while deciding the sentences. For rehabilitation purposes, determinate sentencing model is too restrictive as compared to indeterminate sentencing. A good thing about the determinate sentencing model is that the offender keeps in mind the punishment for any specific crime and hesitates to commit the crime and go back to jail for anther term of imprisonment. Mandatory Sentencing Another type of sentencing model is mandatory sentencing in which a judge has to give a mandatory punishment to the criminal because in this model of sentencing, a judge has little or no control over the punishment set for any specific crime. Mandatory sentencing restricts sentencing disparity and limits individualized sentencing by limiting the discretionary power of the judges to impose any kind of disposition. Mandatory sentencing has helped the government of the United States reduce the overall number of crimes by incarcerating the offenders who might have

Anorexia Nervosa Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anorexia Nervosa Paper - Essay Example People suffering from anorexia nervosa have hypersensitivity towards their looks. They feel that their value as a person is directly affected by the shape of their bodies thus has an intense fear of gaining weight. They deliberately lose weight and find that food dominates their lives. They may diet; exercise excessively or use other means to lose weight despite even being underweight to the pint that their condition becomes life threatening (Jade, 2009). This condition is serious and affects all sorts of people of all ages; however, it is more common amongst teenagers and in recent years has become common among boys at 25% (in the 7-24yrs age group). Among all the people suffering from anorexia nervosa, women make 90-95%. Among the women, some are over the age of 30 years and their condition occurs first before they reach the age. This is despite the fact that most cases go unreported thus making it difficult to judge the numbers of people suffering. Also, the some may go undiagnose d as they fall short of the conventional diagnostic models despite having symptoms. Symptoms There are any symptoms associated with this disorder, and they vary from one person to the other due to factors such as individual differences. A common symptom is a body weight that is much less than expected for your age and height (15% or more below the normal weight). Others would have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat despite being underweight, they may also have a body image that is distorted due to their focusing on body weight or shape. Anorexics decline to acknowledge the gravity of their loss of weight. In women, some may fail to have their menstrual periods for three or more cycles, which is a serious symptom. Moreover, in some others, they severely limit their food intake or even make themselves vomit, they exercise excessively at all times, or in worse cases, they use drugs such as diet pills to curb their appetite and laxatives to induce bowel movements. Visible symptoms include blotchy or yellow skin that is dry and covered with fine downy hair, slow or confused thinking accompanied by poor memory and judgment, depression, dry mouth, wasting away of muscles and loss of body fat, constipation, and fatigue. However, these symptoms may also be caused by other conditions or diseases thus there are tests to rule out these possibilities. Causes The causes of anorexia nervosa have not been completely comprehended. However, they are some well known causes such as; pressure from society and media, personality and family environment and genetic factors. Pressure from society and the media contributes as they portray the perfect person as being thin. This is commonly seen as is the case with models and TV actresses being slim, slender or thin in the western countries thus is most common in these countries. Personality and family environment plays a role in the case of having low self esteem. This is where a person thinks lowly of himself and associa tes it with his/her body weight. Family wise, it could be as a result of emotionally upsetting events like divorce or abusive family relationships. Also on personality traits, it can be caused by obsessive compulsive behavior where one thinks obsessively of doing certain actions. Genetic factors have also been identified to cause anorexia where in a family with identical twins, and one twin has anorexia, then the other has a 1:2 chance of getting it too. Other causes could be having

Friction tsing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Friction tsing - Essay Example The flow of information is critical in engaging the world in conservation of natural resources. Tsing explores the practical lessons that help in guiding the society to their desires and nightmares in life (Tsing, pg15). The global connections help in strengthening the resolve and grip of peoples aspirations. Capitalism requires that each in society amass wealth and resources as much as he can be able to get. This concept has led to environmental degradation since people are clearing forest for settlement. On the other hand, the unregulated exploitation of natural resources is at its peak causing pollution. Clearing of forest has led to extinction of species that took years to assemble (Tsing, pg19). The environmentalist and conservationist are surprised by the environmental transformation. The corporations who exploit the natural resources inefficiently spearhead these transformations. The frontiers of capitalism, politics, and science depend on the global connection as they spread through peoples aspiration (Tsing, pg38). These frontiers elicit the energy of people in the society in realizing their universal schemes and dreams. In essence, this helps in educating people on universal goals. The emergence of environmental movement and activism is a resultant of these frontiers. It awakens people perception on globalization and its effects on the environment, exploitation of natural resources, and democratization. Corruption and poor leadership is to blame for lack of development in man nations. Moreover, the corrupt and imperial rule is the cause for the environmental degradation and earth transformation (Tsing, pg17). The local people who depend on the forest for their basic needs are to blame since they also help these corporations in making the landscape inhabitable. Destruction of forest by corporation is the cause of the emergence of democratic movement. Politics on conservation of

The intended learning outcomes will normally be assessed in the Coursework

The intended learning outcomes will normally be assessed in the following manner - Coursework Example Moreover, the graduate program taken has also enabled me to gain the right amount of competency and skills for taking care of information technology problems so as to render effective solutions for the same. I have gained the skills for conducting analytical functions in programs such as Microsoft Excel and also in rendering presentations through the use of PowerPoint. Skills gained on such basis has enhanced my competencies in providing analytical solutions to business problems, thereby presenting the same as strategic recommendations. Similarly, the graduate program has also contributed to developing my team working and team organising skills so as to render the best while operating in a synergised environment. I have gained needful understandings of the potential leadership skills required to rightly manage and convince people in different teams to help achieve organisational goals and objectives as a whole. Opportunities and Skills Required Presently, the job market in United Kin gdom presents large scale job opportunities for graduates in several sectors such as accounting, banking and the finance industry, logistics and purchasing departments of companies, sales and marketing, operations and engineering, journalism and mass communication, retail and the like. Apart from the listed job opportunities, the United Kingdom market also provides opportunities for graduates to work as management or recruitment consultants in the region. From the plethora of job opportunities listed above, the case of the retail industry would be studied so that the skills required for working in the sector would be evaluated. It is known that to work effectively in the retail sector in United Kingdom, an individual is required to firstly possess the right amount of analytical competencies. Secondly, the individual is also required to have significant knowledge about the commercial regulations pertaining to the region and thereby blend such knowledge with the right business aptitud e to render potential solutions. Thirdly, customers being the life blood of retail businesses, the individuals are required to possess effective customer servicing skills and team building skills so as to effectively convince the internal people to meet the organisational objectives. In addition to the above skill sets, it would be considered as a value addition if the individuals do possess the hand-on-experience for servicing customers at the floor level, and also the right knowledge of a potential customer base in the region (High Fliers, 2012, pp.10–29). Skills and Gaps Though I have gained the needed acumen to conduct analytical functions based on Excel, there are persisting gaps such knowledge of conducting and presenting effective forecasting activities related to demand and supply of merchandises based on evaluation of market changes. Similarly, a definite gap is also noted pertaining to the fact that there is lack of factual or

Samsung and Theme Park Essay Example for Free

Samsung and Theme Park Essay The Industry Theme Park is a large entertainment area and has variety complexes with theme in each of its complex. Theme Park is a global Industry operating in North America, Europe and Asia with attendance from local area and from all over the world. Theme park become necessity for the people to get entertainment and leisure after busy working day, especially for family. The reason that people come to theme park is the ride that delight them to visit again. Needs Analysis. The needs of this entertainment industry is increasing year after year as the attendance of amusement park on Farmland is increasing at 5. 113 thousand in 1993, that show us that there is growth in the Market. (table 4). From table 8. The need of the theme park for the south Korean consumer place a rate of 22%, it shows the need Korean people work for 5 and a half days every week, that indicate that they are very busy, and seems that they have no time for going to the theme park, but in the other hand if we provide a good theme park we can deliver the need of leisure for them after the busy work. In the worldwide, this business is already mature, so we have to arrive with a concept that distinct our theme park with the other theme park, therefore we can attract global market to our theme park. The influencer of the needs: * Family : Spouse, Children, Parents, media promotion * Single : Friends, Colleague , social membership, media promotion 5 FORCES ANALYSIS Competitive Rivalry within Theme Park Industry : HIGH Local Rivalry There are 6 amusement park industry in Korea and Lotte world and Seoul Land are the closest competitor. Lotte world is stated themselves as the biggest Indoor Theme Park in the world and they are located at downtown, which is one of the key success in the business with the accessibility. Seoul Land is the closest competitor with farmland with the similarity of the place, that offer fresh air and easy access. International Rivalry The worldwide theme park such as Walt Disney in North America, Europe, and Asia, with global connection around the world. ENTRANCE : HIGH High investment in Land, Building and construction services, Hardware provider for the ride, and Software provider. The risk of safety is high, required 100% insurance coverage The know how of the industry is not easy, The benchmark is Walt Disney, in order to provide world class themepark haave to join venture with Disney, But Disney not interested in Korea. SUBSTITUE : HIGH Free amusement places are available, such as beach, garden,mall etc Watching Movie in theatre, or just stay at home because of heavy traffic. SUPPLIER POWER : LOW Technology is one of the main issue in this business, especially machinery and software. There are around 10 players who can supply the machinery, so we can get a good price for machinery. The high turnover because woman stop working after marriage become an advantage because the new employee give fresh new idea for the theme park. BUYERS POWERS : HIGH Theme Park is depend on the qapacity of the attendance. They can easily change to another park. Pricing competitive with another park SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH * Farmland is the first amusement park in Korea * Already have a brand Image. * Have large mother Company Samsung that operate in 65 countries * Samsung Industries can have synergy with theme park since they have four core business in electronics, machinery, chemical and Finance insurance WEAKNESS * Korean Climate with Winter from December to Mid march, and heavy shower in June and July, that gives potential time for the market in June to early September, which is only 4 months in a year. * Management has to learn the business because Walt Disney not interested in joint venture with Samsung Korea. * Limited existing parking space to cover future extension. * The traditional habit not to smile to stranger may affect the need of service oriented people. OPPORTUNITY * Economic Growth in Korea is high, per-capita GNP risen from US$4210 in 1989 to US$7513 in 1993 (56%) (exhibit2) * Over 10 millions Korean Living in Seoul * Attendance are growing every year * With a good an distinctive concept can capture worldwide market. * Government plans to built subway up to yongin will provide convenience and reduce the heavy traffic problem THREAT * Strict Government Regulation of the use of the Land. * The protest from the farmer that farmland expansion can cause potential flooding that will damage their crops * The National Holiday is only 4-5 days in a year * The working habit is five and a half day in a week RECCOMENDATION Segmentation for theme Park for all of the Family member, Targeting on all ages. Positioning of the Theme Park deliver the high end of Theme Park technology with the environmental friendly surrounding. Changing the Name is a must, EVERLAND seems suitable to the new mission. Make a synergy between other Samsung business to create worldwide connection to the theme park.

Entrepreneur creates healthy ethnic frozen food

Entrepreneur creates healthy ethnic frozen food Tuck-In will bring healthy ethnic frozen food to the young, fast living city students door steps. Terra Tuck-in is scheduled to begin operations on September 20th 2010. Tuck-in will be a partnership, owned and operated by a group of graduate city university students; Shariq Pervaiz, Nadia Mohamed, Omer Qureshi, Faduma Karshe, Tiwalade Odulawa and Pawel Prochot. The owners of this company specialize in different areas of business which will make this venture a very exciting yet profitable business. The graduates have all got experience in different fields of the business. Location, offices headquarters, branches. Tuck-in will be located at: Tower Bridge Business Complex, 100 Clements Road, London, SE16 4DG The office space/light industrial space is leased and will accommodate the necessary office equipment such as computers, fax machine, photo copier and fridge/ freezers. There is a copy of the information in Appendix C. Definition of the business The Product/Service that ‘Tuck-In offers is a delivery service of frozen food from a variety of different world cuisines. The function of this new business venture would be to provide students who live away from home, food that is healthy, tasty and easy to cook. The idea is that students can enjoy food from different parts of the world in the easiest way possible. There is and always will be a market need for good quality frozen food and ‘Tuck-In would provide a service that would meet this market need by taking the idea of frozen food to the next level. ‘Tuck-In would make students more aware of the benefits of frozen food, it would reduce wastage. What makes ‘Tuck-in so unique is the quality and convenience of this food. It offers a delivery service to your front door with an online ordering and payment system, it will have never been made easier to order from ‘Tuck-In. Customers will want to buy products from ‘Tuck-In as it is different from your everyday frozen meal from the supermarket. It is more affordable, with the meal packages offered, it is good quality. The food offered helps with portion control and reduces wastage. Company History- Tuck-In was created on the 11th of November 2009 by Shariq Pervaiz, Nadia Mohamed, Omer Qureshi and Faduma Karshe in London, UK. The name â€Å"Tuck-in† was suggested by Shariq Pervaiz during a team meeting, and that suggestion stuck in everyones minds. Thus Tuck-in was then the name of the company that would change the lives of hundreds of students who live in student accommodations. Tuck-in was made official by the submission of the company contract; we invested in 2 further bodies, Tiwalde Odulawa and Pawel Prochot. Both bodies strengthened the company and brought vast experience to the company. Company goals To provide high quality healthy food To maintain a healthy, respectful, challenging and rewarding environment for employees To cultivate sound relationships with other organisations an individuals who are like minded. To cultivate adaptability to change in economic, social and environmental conditions, to allow Tuck-in the opportunity to survive long term. Future plans The primary objectives of Tuck-in over the next year are to: Obtain commercial financing of  £30,000 to cover start up costs and initial operating expenses; Generate one new client contract a month by networking with key industry leaders, conducting seminars and workshops, and joining key environmental agencies; Generate a net profit of  £100,000 in the first year of operations by developing a strong client base and keeping overhead costs to a minimum; Over the next 3-5 years we plan to grow our business by having other outlets aside City University hall residences. To achieve this, we aim to: Introduce our food services to other university hall residences around the area. So doing we hope to introduce new products. Also we aspire to increase our target market, i.e. to reach out to working-class people. As part of our growth plan we hope to have our proposed hot vending machines of food in different offices and workplaces in the City. They can easily get food from this machine at the end of the day after work. Furthermore we aim to get our services to be delivered to small local grocery stores around the area. Tuck-ins mission statement is to: The Tuck-in Promise: â€Å"Tuck-in exists to benefit and refresh every student who lives at halls of residence whilst at university. The basic proposition of our business is simple; we have a passion to serve the highest quality ready to cook frozen foods and make sure that every customer who shops with Tuck-in leaves happy. We are committed to using the finest ingredients in our recipes and no food leaves our kitchen that we ourselves would not eat. That is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business Product and Service description Tuck-In will sells delicious, high quality, nutritious frozen readymade meals from around the world to students who live away from home, complying with the health regulation. We will offer unique cuisine with international flair, offering frozen meals from Italy, Mediterranean, Asia, Europe and Africa, responding to the needs of students. Students are usually too busy or lack the skills to cook. Tuck-In will provide those students with a healthy, easy to cook meals that taste home-made and is ready in few minutes. As we are located in City University we can take advantage of the diverse students who are living in halls. We hope that this will help us in gaining an additional advantage over our competitors and help us provide greater customer satisfaction. It will also make it easier for students to pickup their meals when they are going home or for us to deliver the meals within a few minutes. The key benefits that can be obtained from using our service are: Less money on groceries and eating out Healthy home-made style meals Meals will take less than 15 minutes to prepare No washing dishes, everything is in disposable containers Provide international food We will be offering lunch and dinner that will include a frozen meal with a choice of drinks to choose from. Please Refer to Appendix A for the menu. Sourcing http://www.supremefoodscatering.co.uk/retail.htm The ready-made meals and drinks will be purchased by marketing manager at supreme food catering. There will be one staff that will make sure the meals are of high quality and are packed correctly. The marketing manager will be overlooking and make sure that everything is in order. Technology Our primary method of ordering meals will be via our website but we can also be contacted by phone. The company website is built and maintained by ‘Toucher an established web design company. The website will include a full menu, information about the company and an online ordering service. Target Market Tuck-ins target market can be generally described as a group of students living away from home, mainly in halls of residence. Those students share following characteristics which influence their consumer behaviour: They often have or decide to spend little time preparing food (28 out of 40 subjects asked) Form of the food is a secondary factor fresh, chilled or frozen (26 out of 40 subjects asked) Have culturally driven food habits ethnic food (32 out of 40 subjects) Currently eat frozen/chilled ready meals once or more times a week (27 out of 40 subjects) Order food for delivery more than once a week (26 out of 40 subjects) Eat out/order delivery of ethnic food more than once a week (27 out of 40 subjects) Would consider purchasing reasonably priced ethnic frozen food delivered to halls of residence more than once a week (28 out of 40 subjects) The anonymous survey was conducted by the Peartree Court hall of residence between 7th and 11th of December. Please Refer to Appendix B for the survey template. The target market is much localized as show below â€Å"A† indicates the main University building. Other indicators represent Walter Sickert Hall(Liberty Hall 142), Francis Rowley Court(220), Finsbury Heyworth(320) and Willen House (157) total of 839 bedrooms in student accommodation. The above also shows that within the radius of between 400 to 1200 meters (depending of the Tuck-in location) there are 839 student rooms. It also indicates a potential competition density of just under 30 takeaways per square kilometre. Competition As indicated on the map above there is around 30 small takeaways in the immediate area. Also there are 3 supermarkets and tens of small off-license shops. It is important to note that the university building offers a catering service to the students. The main factor that sets Tuck-In apart from the local takeaways and university catering is that Tuck-in food can be prepared in no time at students convenience and this in combination with right price will give Tuck-in an edge. Market Growth and Forecast The market growth is currently seen as increase in range of Tuck-In for new halls of residence. The prospective growth is expected to strongly depend on the future halls of residence targeted but short term (1 year) growth will oscillate in the area of 25%-50% increase in the size of the target market (range increase). Segmentation Target market is segmented to students: Eating out at the university in restaurants Eating in takeaways ready meals chilled and frozen cooked meals Other (unspecified) The segments that Tuck-In will be focusing on are students eating in takeaways, ready meals chilled and frozen, and cooked meals. SWOT Positive Negative Internal Strengths Weaknesses Free delivery Good ethnic food Always fresh food Small dynamic Multiple suppliers Close to the client Premises can be located virtually anywhere in the area (no kitchen etc.) Limited experience Summer holidays break External Opportunities Threats Takeaways Home delivery usually costly or high order minimums Fast-food chains New takeaways Changing customer tastes Increasing popularity of home-delivery of supermarkets Marketing Feasible marketing channels consist of Student union leaflets, halls of residence leaflets, presence at student events, and simple internet presence with SEOd for high ranked localised internet searches. Strategy and implementation summary The strategy we have implemented is quite straight-forward, the success of Tuck-In is based on a cuisine service providing authentic ready to cook meals for students living in university accommodation. This is combining healthy foods in a student area environment (halls) and these foods appeal to a wide range of ethnic groups. We aim to launch our business in a unique and obvious way to ensure that our target (the students living in halls) can actually notice us and be aware of the service we have to offer and how they can benefit from it. Our promotion strategy is to have a grand opening in the beginning of a new academic session. During this opening, we aim to give out trial foods, so as to go try our ready-to cook meals and see what it is all about. In order to succeed we will have to make sure that the food is at its best as the saying goes: first impression lasts longer. We would like to give an impression of a catering service that provides healthy ready-to cook frozen food as well as it been very tasty. We will have to keep our standards high and execute the launch, as the students testimony of our food services will be our main marketing strategy at the start. Pricing strategy: we dont aim to be cheap, but we aim to be cheaper than most alternatives the students might have however the quality and nutritional values will be far greater than our competitors. Marketing strategy is the most important in every business, to achieve this we aim to emphasize on the products we have to offer, and build some sort of a relationship business with our target market. As stated in our growth plan, we aim to increase our target market to working-class people, doing this the price of our food is going to be to some extent higher than what we offer to students, because they work and can afford good quality food at the price that is worth it. Tuck-ins competitive edge Having an understanding of how to launch the business Provide a diverse ethnic ready-to cook frozen food for students. So they do not miss home too much. Focus on target market Training of employees An area to keep the refrigerators and freezers purposely to preserve our food is in place. We do not have direct competitors, but our circuitous competitors will be supermarkets and take away restaurants e.g. Sainsburys or the local chicken and chips. The edge we have over them is the fact that we are situated very close to the halls and we offer these healthy yet tasty foods at a cheaper price. This is because they are our only target market at the moment therefore our service is solely tailored for them so is the price. While our competitors have a wide range of target market to cater for so been a student you do not have a chance to pay less, the price is general. Management Team â€Å"Tuck-In† from our managerial courses does have a great understanding of what it means to have an excellent management team for this business. How well we do is solely depends on our staff. Tuck-In is a small business and the creative idea is from us, because it is a new business it involves a basic managerial and organisational structure. However, there is a hierarchy, but before a decision is made we all have to meet and discuss about the situation and make the decision together. We might have to hire a more experienced general manager as part of our growth plan to help Tuck-In to grow further. Management positions: Operational service of the business will be performed by Shariq Pervaiz and Nadia Mohamed, as hands on manager and assistant. Floor/store manager Omer Qureshi Finance/accounting manager Tiwalade Odulawa Marketing manager Faduma Karshe Service manager Pawel Prochot Financial analysis This financial projection of approximately  £30,000 investment, represents to the best of managements belief, the expected results of operations and cash flow for the projection period would commence on or about 01/09/2010. The assumptions disclosed are those that management believes are significant to the projection. There will usually be differences between projected and actual results, because events and circumstances frequently do not occur as expected, and those differences may be material. The Companys revenues will be derived from sales of units. The Company will recognize initial fees such an insurance, premises and stock holding. Costs Cost of Product. Cost of product consists primarily of the costs of royalties paid to third-party suppliers, materials, personnel-related costs, admin costs and insurance. Cost of Service . Cost of service consists primarily of personnel-related costs incurred in providing telephone support, consulting to customers. The primary component of the cost of sales is labor. Skilled, professional personnel used directly in the companys operations are expected to maintain the company website. Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are to include costs of the premises, insurance, equipment and stock. Selling and Marketing Expenses.The principal types of expenses within this category are salaries, and professional services. Salaries are projected on an individual-by-individual basis, using expected salary rates throughout the projection period. Research and Development Costs.The principal types of expenses within this category are salaries, rent, telephone, travel, supplies, and professional services. Generally, management expects to charge research and development expenditures internally. General and Administrative Expenses.The principal types of expenses within this category are salaries, facilities and occupancy, travel, professional services, and insurance. Salaries are projected on an individual-by-individual basis, using expected salary rates throughout the projection period. Bank Credit Facility The companys management intends to borrow  £15,000 from a bank loan using owned property and security as the company grows, this amount is expected to increase. The amount will be borrowed on a two year repayment plan. Interest expense. Interest expense on borrowings is calculated at the fixed rate of 7.5%.This rate has been set by the bank itself. Expense detail Bank Loan having obtained a bank loan of  £15,000 to be paid back over a period of two years with an interest of 7.5%. Payments of  £695.30 being made every month. Rent of premises  £1078, insurance  £315 pa, security retainer  £3000, admin fees  £150, service charge  £500pa, bills  £3,000, Business rates  £1680. Furniture and computer equipment  £3000 Freezers  £6784 With an investment already confirmed of  £9,000 and a personal investment of  £6000 we aim to start up with  £30,000 including the bank loan. Each unit of food we buy, we aim to have a mark up of 50% after costs. Website costing  £350 to set up and maintain. As a team of 6, 3 of us are still in part time work and 3 of us are working completely in the business taking a small wage (enough to live on) to ensure we have as much money in the business as possible. Stock in the amount of 5000 units at 80p a unit =  £4000 Altogether are total cost as stated above in the first month of business =  £18,819.46 A lot of the start up costs are one of cost and the running cost every month after the first should decrease by ay least  £4,000. Financial objectives To achieve our financial objectives, Tuck-In seek medium-term commercial loan. This external funding will be used to cover the initial investment costs Based on the strategic objectives, we target the following financial goals: Steady increase of annual sales Keep the gross margin on sales 50% No debt leverage by year 2 Exit strategy Business exit Here, our aim is to maximize the value we can obtain from selling the business to potential investors. After complex business assessment, we embark on the following major selling points: strong brand, solid customer base, cash-rich business, and no leverage. As an exit strategy, we agreed to approach the following possibility: Partial business divestment (selling 50% of the business). Partial divestment: As customers are the heart of our business, the values as well as the number of customer relationships are essential to our business. The customer-focused approach of our business is consistent with our differentiation strategy and represents a strong negotiation point by the means of true sell. We aim to attract a venture capitalist to enter the business in order to expand capacity and market share, as well as to boost financial performance.

Determination of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes

Determination of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes Daron Chua Synopsis In this experiment, the objectives of this experiment was to understand the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles and to synthersize Colloidal gold nanoparticles by liquid chemical method. Z-average of nanoparticles for the reddish solution and the greyish solution was 60.86 and 50.40 respectively. However it was noted that there were impurities in the solution hence affecting the Z-average. As such, the colour of the solution and the Z-average did not tally. It was discovered that by adding salt into the solutions there will be colour change. This is due to NaCl aggregating the nanoparticles together. This causes the nanoparticles to absorb the red light hence reflecting the solution in a more blue colour. Other methods of forming gold nanoparticles and a diverse application for gold nanoparticles were noted. Introduction The objectives of this experiment was to understand the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles. Colloidal gold nanoparticles were synthesized by means of liquid chemical method. Theory Liquid Chemical Method Most of the gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid (liquid chemical methods) byreduction of hydrogen tetrachloroautate (H[AuCl4]). By dissolving H[AuCl4], the solution is rapidly stirred while a reducing agent is being added. This causes Au3+ ions to be reduced to neutral goldatoms. As more and more of these gold atoms form, the solution becomes supersaturated, and gold gradually starts toprecipitatein the form of sub-nanometer particles. The rest of the gold atoms that form stick to the existing particles, and, if the solution is stirred vigorously enough, the particles will be fairly uniform in size showing the solution as red.To prevent the particles from aggregating, some sort of stabilizing agent that sticks to the nanoparticle surface is usually added. Also, gold colloids can be synthesized without stabilizers bylaser ablationsin liquids. They can be functionalized with various organic ligands to create organic-inorganic hybrids with advanced functionality. Several methods that revolve around this idea are Turkevich method, brust method and perrault method, etc. Gold Nanoparticles Colloidal goldis a suspension particles ofgoldin a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100nm) or blue/purple (for larger particles). As particle size increases, the wavelength of surface plasmon resonance related absorption shifts to longer, redder wavelengths. Red light is then absorbed, and blue light is reflected, yielding solutions with a pale blue or purple color. A change in temperature will also affect which the gold to be at a different energy band. The diameter of gold nanoparticles determines the Wavelength of light absorbed as shown on the diagram illustrated above. Procedures Stock Solution 0.1g of H[AuCl4] was dissolved in 500ml distilled water to obtain 1.0mM hydrogen tetrachloroautate. 0.5g of Na3C6H5O7.2H2O (trisodium citrate dehydrate) was dissolved in 50ml of distilled water to obtain 1% concentration. 0.5g of NaCl was dissolved in 10ml of distilled water. Experiment 20ml of 1.0mM H[AuCl4] was added to a conical flask. The conical flask was placed in a stirring hot plate and a magnetic stir bar was added. 2 samples were prepared. One was stirred continuously even it was at boiling point. The other sample stopped stirring once it was boiled. 2ml of 1% solution of trisodium citrate dehydrate was then added to the boiling solution. Gold Sol was gradually formed as citrate reduces the gold (III). Presence of a colloidal suspension was observed by the reflection of a laser beam from the particles. The solution of both samples were being transferred to two test tubes. 5 10 drops of 1M NaCl solution was added into one of the test tubes and the color change of the solution was being observed. The two solutions in the test tubes were being filtered with a 0.45 um syringe filter. The solutions were subsequently transferred into a sample holder. The Malvern Zetasizer Nano S Light scattering equipment was used to measure the size of the nanoparticles in the two sample holder. (0.47 refractive index was used.) Results Results as follows : Solution with spin even at boiling point : Colour observed : Reddish Brown Size of Gold nanoparticle : 63.77 with 3 peaks Peak 1 : 41.1, Peak 2 : 433.2, Peak 3 : 3913 Solution without spin at boiling point : Colour observed : Greyish / Bluish / Clear Size of Gold nanoparticle : 53.31 with 3 peaks Peak 1 : 143.9, Peak 2 : 1.651, Peak 3 : 3213 Calculation Standard Calibration 67.54nm 63.63nm = 2.91nm Size of Gold nanoparticle (Reddish/Brown) Z-Average 63.77nm 2.91nm = 60.86 nm Size of Gold nanoparticle (Greyish/Blue) Z-Average 53.31nm 2.91 nm = 50.40 nm Discussion From the results, Z average for the reddish brown solution was calculated at 60.86nm, while the greyish/blue was calculated at 50.40nm. With reference to theory, the results concluded by Z-average is inaccurate. By right, anything at the blue shift is of a larger particle size. By reading off the highest intensity peaks of both graphs of red and blue solutions, size of particles were 41.1nm and 143.9nm respectively. Ideally 1 peak in the chart would be best. Other peaks that affected the Z-average were probably impurities. This error may be due to carelessness of assuming all equipments provided for the experiment were clean. Hence there could be dirt or dust trapped whatsoever. In order to obtain even smaller particle sizes, adding of all solutions should have been done slowly, for example adding trisodium citrate drop by drop, allowing the droplet to fully react with the solution before adding in another. With that, the mixing part is no doubt the most crucial process parameter of the experiment. Other factors that affect particle sizes are mixing time and temperature and concentration. Different temperatures within the reaction will cause heat and mass transfer gradients. A low concentration of solution will yield too low of a result and lastly for our case, mixing time. Insufficient mixing time/stoppage of mixing will disallow the nanoparticles to disperse. Hence having a larger particle size. 1. Explain the functions of trisodium citrate used in this experiment. In this experiment, Trisodium citrate acts as an reducing agent to reduce hydrogen tetrachloroautate in order to produce spheroidal gold paticles. In general, the greater the concentration and power of the reducing agent. The smaller the resultant gold particles in the suspension. 2. Account for the colour change observed in step 4.6 In step 4.6 of the practical booklet, NaCl solution is added into the solution causing a colour change. By adding NaCl into the solution, it causes the gold nanoparticle surface charge to turn neutral, causing the nanoparticle to aggregate. As a result the solution colour changes from red to black blue. As for the greyish bluish solution, it turns to a even clearer solution. A larger particle size will cause absorption of the red light hence reflecting the solution as blue. 3. State two other synthesis methods for gold nanoparticles beside the liquid chemical method. Sonolysis One method for the experimental generation of gold particles is by sonolysis. The process is based on ultrasound. It uses the reaction of an aqueous solution of HAuCl4withglucose. The reducing agentsare hydroxyl radicals and sugar pyrolysis radicals. The morphology obtained is that of nanoribbons with width 30–50nm and length of several micrometers. These ribbons are very flexible and can bend with angles larger than 90Â °. When glucose is being replaced by cyclodetrin (a glucose oligomer), only spherical gold particles are obtained. Block Copolymer-mediated Method Other method for gold nanoparticles is by using a block copolymer.In this synthesis methodology, block copolymer plays the dual role of a reducing agent as well as a stabilizing agent. The formation of gold nanoparticles comprises three main steps: reduction of gold salt ion by block copolymers in the solution and formation of gold clusters, adsorption of block copolymers on gold clusters, and further reduction of gold salt ions on the surfaces of these gold clusters for the growth of gold particles in steps. This method usually has a limited-yield (nanoparticle concentration), which does not increase with the increase in the gold salt concentration. Recently a test has been done that by adding trisodium citrate in 1:1 molar ratio increases the gold formation by many gold. 4. Cite some other application in addition to those mentioned under introduction. Electronics Gold nanoparticles are designed for use as conductors from printable inks to electronic chips. As the world of electronics become smaller, nanoparticles are important components in the chip design. Nanoscale gold nanoparticles are being used to connect resistors, conductors, and other elements of an electronic chip. Probe Gold nanoparticles are relatively dense, making them useful as probes for transmission electron microscopy. Catalyst Gold nanoparticles are used as catalysts in a number of chemical reactions. The surface of a gold nanoparticle can be used for selective oxidation or in certain cases the surface can reduce a reaction (nitrogen oxides). Gold nanoparticles are being developed for fuel cell applications. These technologies would be useful in the automotive and display industry. Conclusion In conclusion, the experiment was not very successful as there were impurities in the solution. Hence the Z average was being affected. However objectives were met as colloidal gold was being synthesized and applications of gold particles were also understood. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html http://clustertwo.org/Shaowei Chen lectures/Cluster 2 lecture 2.pdf http://www.ivdtechnology.com/article/manufacturing-high-quality-gold-sol

Spanish Schools :: Don Quijote Enforex Schools

January, 17 th , 2007 Dear Respected Industry Association, Language School and/or Agent: The recent default by Amerispan Unlimited, Inc. on debts owed by it to language schools, and the related â€Å"seizure† of certain Amerispan assets by Don Quijote USA, Inc., has caused great consternation among language schools, agents and associations in the language travel industry. Although it is not yet certain as to the total amount of money owed to language schools across the globe by Amerispan, preliminary indications are that it exceeds $500,000. Amerispan Unlimited, Inc. has stated, â€Å"We will not be able to pay for any unpaid students who have studied at your school, nor do we have the assets or funds to remit to you on account of your claims against AmeriSpan.† Don Quijote USA, Inc. has stated, â€Å"we are not liable for those students who started their course before January 1, 2007.† Neither AmeriSpan nor Don Quijote has even hinted that they are considering an equitable and fair plan to compensate the schools for their losses. Instead, indications are that a few select schools, perhaps those already part of, or those selected to be part of, the Don Quijote – ENFOREX network, are being offered special terms and agreements, while others have been left wondering if they will receive any compensation at all. We believe this sets a very dangerous precedent for our industry. If this situation is allowed to stand, what will prevent other agencies from defaulting to language schools in the future? What will happen to small language schools with little or no financial resources? If allowed to stand, the current scenario is certain to damage the trust between schools and agents, jeopardizing the bedrock sales channel of our industry. We are writing to inform you that we believe we have a possible solution to this current crisis, one that we believe will prove to be a win-win solution for everyone involved, directly or indirectly, including Don Quijote, USA, Inc. To accomplish this end, we have created AULAS – (Association of Unpaid Language Schools). The mission of this association is to ensure that a fair and equitable solution is arrived at with respect to Amerispan Unlimited's default on its obligations to language schools worldwide. We will reach out to the 40+ language schools that have been adversely affected, and ask each to submit a verified statement as to the total amount owed to them.

Essay on Tom in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie essays

The Character of Tom in The Glass Menagerie    Tom Wingfield has a dual role in The Glass Menagerie. The first Tom is the narrator, who introduces his second self, the character. In his fifth soliloquy, Tom the narrator indicates that time has detached him from the drama, "for time is the longest distance between two places" (Williams 1568). In the closing soliloquy Tom recounts how he lives and re-lives the story in his memory, though he is detached from the participants in the original affair. Like his father, "a telephone man who fell in love with long distances," (Williams 1523), Tom has fallen in love with the long distance that is time.    Tom is a sensitive, artistic man who is forced by circumstances into a phenomenological situation. He is compelled to live and re-live the situation of the play, in which he sought for and found what he believed to be freedom. Although he escapes the situation, he does not find freedom; his consciousness forces him to dwell upon the situation until he finds meaning in it. Because Mr. Wingfield, Laura, Amanda, and Jim are parts of ...

U.S. Russia Relations :: essays research papers

Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a well, educated population, and diverse industrial base, continues to experience, formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President Yeltsin's government has made substantial strides in converting to a market economy since launching its economic reform program in January 1992 by freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending, eliminating the old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious voucher privatization program, establishing private financial institutions, and decentralizing trade. Russia, however, has made little progress in a number of key areas that are needed to provide a solid foundation for the transition to a market economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia, spanning 11 time zones and serving as home to about 150 million people, possesses tremendous natural and human resources. Demand today for imported consumer goods, capital equipment, and services remains remarkably strong, with imports representing an unusually large percentage of the national market. Despite outstanding long-term market potential, Russia continues to be an extremely difficult country in which to do business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Russian Federation continues to pursue a program of dramatic economic, political and social transformation. Despite President Yeltsin's successful re-election campaign, continued economic reform remains subject to the influence of the communist controlled State Duma (the Russian parliament). Even the most optimistic scenarios envision a protracted process as Russia continues the task of fashioning a legal foundation for commerce, rationalizing the regulatory and taxation regimes with which businesses must comply, and completing the task of creating from scratch a highly effective and consistent customs administration. The duration and final outcome of this process are still uncertain. Consequently, Russia offers U.S. business both high risk, and potentially high rewards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russian firms and customers admire U.S. technology and know-how, and generally are interested in doing business with U.S. companies. At the same time, there is a tendency in some quarters to suppose that the U.S. is responsible for the changes which have occurred in Russia, especially those which have caused most hardship to individuals and to industry. This sentiment has attracted the support of some political leaders, and in given credence by a significant proportion of the populace. At the same time, a strong U.S. commercial presence is viewed in the Russian Far East as a counterbalance to other regional economic powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Western products and services are in demand in Russia. Of particular interest are:  · consumer goods, including poultry and meats, paper industrial chemicals,

Contempory Management Functions Essay

How do the theories proposed in your chosen reading inform your understanding of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship? The Purpose of this essay is to determine how scientific management impacts contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship. This essay is based on the journal article [Locke,E (1982)The Ideas of Fredrick W Taylor: An Evaluation, Academy Management review,7(11),pp.14-24] and is regarding scientific management started by Fredrick Winslow Taylor which was a theory developed regarding management which analysed workflows. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to management. Scientific management’s main objective was to improve economic efficiency and productivity in the workforce. In most simple terms some of the many concepts were having a standardised method for doing a job, providing increased compensation to the worker as reward for being efficient and hiring the right person for the right job. Many of these theories are very commonly used in management today. Contemporary is a word meaning existing or occurring at the same time (Robbins,2012) . Management functions refer to the way somebody manages a business (Robbins,2012). Therefore contemporary management functions are how we typically manage today. Employer- employee relationship is the relationship in which a manager has with their employee’s and how they complete their work day together and if they are efficient together (Robbins,2012). The four contemporary management functions are Planning, Organising, leading and controlling. Planning is defined as a management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities (Robbins,2012). Organising is a management function that involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organisations goals (Robbins,2012). Leading is working with and through people to accomplish organisational goals and controlling involves monitoring, comp aring and correcting work performance (Robbins,2012). Scientific management theories proposed in this reading do apply to  contemporary management functions. Although many of these theories could be argued as common knowledge today, when Fredrick Taylor established them they were prehistoric terms. He wanted to find out ‘one best way’ for everything in the workplace. Taylor’s most well known experiment was the pig-iron experiment (Locke, 1982 ). The experiment involved workers loading ‘pigs’ of iron on to rail cars. He knew their current daily output, but believed more was possible using scientific management. This was done due to many things. First of all putting the right person on the job with the right tools and equipment. In today’s management people hire the best person they can for the job. Secondly he had the worker follow his instructions exactly. This is also normal in today’s management functions, because people do things the way the employer wants them to. Taylor also motivated successful and productive workers with higher pay (Locke, 1982). This is also very common in today, with higher salary packages for good workers and pay increases for productivity fairly common. This improves employer and employee relationships by making the employee feel valued. Although many people believe in Taylors scientific management functions Lawerence (2010), Green (1986) both argue that that this is not the case and that scientific management is the problem in today’s management. Although there arguments are well presented there seems to be no evidence suggesting that Taylor’s theories do not work. Chung(2013) Agrees with Taylors contemporary management theories but argues the point that people could be to caught up on contemporary management functions and forgetting some key aspects of general managing. Taylor’s scientific management theories help the understanding of the employer-employee relationship by making it easier to understand what the relationship is actually for. This relationship is primarily about productivity .Many things Taylor did such as relaying messages from the employer to the employee to improve productivity) are also widely used in today’s management(locke,1982) . He also discovered that giving feedback to your employees will increase there skills and there productivity ( Locke,1982). This method is also very commonly used today with weekly meetings in many companies between employee and employer. Many large companies today use contemporary management functions in the work place. Companies Such as subway, burger king and McDonald’s are all very structured from top to bottom of the company and people are constantly striving to think of ways to improve productivity thus maximising profits. Yang (2012), Talks about all the hugely complex mathematical equations that now go into various parts decision making in Burger King and McDonald’s. Although the equations are to complex to understand to the average person it is clear that management is a lot more planned and structured in today’s workplace. Williams (2008) statesâ€Å"Consistency is a priority at McDonald’s† (p.15). This is true because anytime you walk into a McDonalds anywhere in the world you know what to expect. This is due to the contemporary management functions of a large scale to plan and organise and regulate what every individual McDonalds can do to ensure people know what they are getting and what to expect every time they walk through that door. Williams (2008) also discusses the change between old management styles and new management styles that have produced positive results for the company. The new management styles are all very similar to what Locke (1982) says about Taylor’s theories. For example Williams (2008) speaks about all the new rewards McDonalds have brought in for successful franchises and employees ranging from bonus’s to promotions to higher positions which like Taylor suggests encourages people to work harder hence greater profits (Locke, 1982 ) . Williams (2008) also talks about the extensive process in training managers and staff and the new expectations of every employee within the company that has increased greatly over the years to insure everythi ng runs according to contemporary management functions. Taylor’s theories of scientific management are helpful in informing you of contemporary management functions and employer-employee relationships. The way the workplace is shaped today seems very relevant to Taylor’s theories. Many of his theories are normal in today’s management functions. Although he has had many critics of his work It is shown in the articles that not many have been able to prove there arguments. Using evidence such as Williams (2008) journal on the change in managing McDonalds makes it clear that Taylor has had a big influence on typical management functions in today’s  workplace. Chung, C. (2013) The Road Not Taken: Putting ‘Management’ Back to Taylor’s Scientific Management, Journal of multidisciplinary research, 5(1), pp. 45-56. Green, M. (1986) A Kantian Evaluation of Taylorism in the Workplace, Journal of Business Ethics, 7 (2), pp. 165-169. Lawrence, P. (2010)The key job design problem is still Taylorism, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31 (2), pp. 412-421. Locke, E. (1982) The Ideas of Fredrick W .Taylor: An Evaluation, Academy of Management Review, 7 (1), pp. 14-24. Robbins,S.R., Bergman, Stagg, Coulter. (2012). Management (6th ed.). Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd. Williams, E. (2008) Accelerated leadership development tops the talent management menu at Mcdonald’s ,27(4),pp. 15-31. Yang,N. (2012) Burger King and McDonald’s: Where’s the Spillover?, 19(2),pp.255-281

Five types of system information Essay

List five types of system information that can be obtained from the Windows Task Manager? How can you use this information to confirm the presence of malware on a system? (Hint: Look at the bandwidth and CPU utilization.) Services, Performance, applications, processes, networking, users. You can use it to see if there are any unidentified processes being run in the back ground without your knowledge. Windows Task Manager and Windows Computer Manager both provide information about system services. Compare and contrast the types of information (about system services) that can be obtained from these tools. Task manager shows what programs are running currently along with any active back ground software. While computer management shows us ALL of the soft and hard ware that is operational on the computer at any given time active or not. ï‚ · Explain how you could use one or more of the Windows log files to investigate a potential malware infection on a system. What types of information are available to you in your chosen log file? You can use the log files to ID malware form the incidence logs. They should tell you when something was downloaded or uploaded to the computer. If you know some minor details about what it is you are looking for then you should be able to ID the malware file that was put on the computer. Should you filter log files during an investigation into a security incident? Why or why not? No you shouldn’t filter anything unless you are sure you know what you are looking for. There is no telling what might me important when you are searching for a virus. ï‚ · Should remote desktop services be enabled on employee workstations for use by IT Help Desk personnel? Why or why not? Yes they should this will allow the IT staff to be able to interface with a potential threat when dealing with malware. It must however be used responsibly when dealing with Remote access. How does Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) differ from Windows Update? Why are Shares a source of system vulnerabilities? MBSA is easer to use and helps IT professionals  determine their security state in accordance with Microsoft security recommendations and offers specific remediation guidance. Windows update focuses mostly un driver updates. Shares are a sources of system vulnerability because infected material can be easily passed on through them. Shares are not suggested in a business setting unless the information put in them is guaranteed clean.

How and why does order disintegrate on the island? Essay

On the island two leaders are clearly marked out at the start; Jack and Ralph. Jack has a fierce desire to lead and control. From the start of the book he challenges Ralph’s leadership and is obsessed with power. At the start he controls the ‘wearily obedient’ choir with military discipline and at the end he rules his tribe of savages with fear and torture. Jack rejects the democratic processes by which rules and decisions are made, and instead imposes his own desires by force. He overcomes and suppresses the civilised restraints which originally prevented him killing the pig and gives up to his violent and bloodthirsty instincts. We are not informed in the book of Jack’s intelligence, as when he gains power, he makes very primitive solutions to the problems on the island because he has lost all sense of rational thought. He resorts to superstitious practices like leaving an offering for the beast, and uses rituals to keep the tribe together and to hide their emotions. Ralph is dependable and responsible. He is basically kind, with ‘a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil’. His sensitivity can be seen in the way he deals with Jack’s disappointment at losing the leadership vote by giving him charge of the choir. He hopes the society works in a democratic and civilised way and is shocked when things go wrong. He is intelligent, but he often finds making decisions and thinking things through too much for him, and relies on Piggy to help and prompt him. Ralph takes time to notice just how important Piggy is to him being chief, and he grows to value Piggy’s loyalty and common sense. Ralph shows physical courage, such as when he forces himself to climb the mountain and face the beast. Moral courage is shown when he admits his part in Simon’s murder. He struggles to keep believing that humans are fundamentally good. He can’t understand how a boy like him could experience real hatred: ‘But he’s, he’s Jack Merridew!’ In the end he recognises the real evil inside humans; ‘the darkness of a man’s heart’. Ralph represents the values of civilisation and democratic rule, which are eventually defeated by the evil contained within society. However, the two similarities the boys possess are that they are both stronger and a lot bigger than the others, which is the most important reason for them being marked out as obvious leaders at the first meeting. Ralph wins the vote for chief because of his; ‘attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch.’- even before the boys really know each other they already seem to respect the conch as it unites them in what seems like a orderly meeting with the sound it makes. Because of this it is seen as the tool that creates and resembles civilisation throughout the book Each of them is a leader, but the leadership each shows is based on different principles. Ralph’s liberal style of leadership takes notice of other peoples opinions. He feels the responsibility of his position and also feels its burdens. Jack’s style of leadership is based on domination and fear. He imposes his will on others with no regard for their needs or feelings. He wields power without responsibility, and enjoys having power over other beings, animal or human. The things he cannot dominate he tries to destroy, which is why he hunts Ralph at the end of the book. Jack hides his identity behind his mask and the anonymous title of ‘chief’. Jack uses these things to protect himself from remembering the civilised world, enabling him to perform savage acts with no remorse, which makes him a very strong leader, even if he is unjust and selfish. One of the main symbols of leadership on the island is the conch. This creamy shell that can be blown like a horn represents the democratic system of leadership on the island, as it is Ralph’s tool for organising meetings and controlling the boys. The conch also represents the paternalistic rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gime of adult authority that cares for everyone. Throughout the book the reader and the characters identify Piggy with this ideology due to his intelligence and his total faith in democracy. As respect for the conch fades, a sense of order also fades. This continues until the conch is smashed, ending order and civilisation on the island. The evil that is inside human beings is personified in the beast. Many people don’t want look inside themselves and don’t want to recognise this aspect of their nature. They look for something in their surroundings to be the cause or its embodiment. This happens on the island – the boys have lost all sense of home and security, which begins to provoke nightmares. One of the littluns resorts to muttering his name and address as a means of remembering the civilised world – in doing so grasping for security – ‘Percival Wemys Madison, The Vicarage, Harcourt Street†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.They then begin to think the branches are snakes, which develops into a beast, which rapidly changes form in the boys’ imaginations. When the dead pilot lands on the mountain top this becomes the focal point of their fear. Jack takes advantage of the fear this causes by promising to protect them from the beast, which, once it takes a physical form, leaves no doubts in the minds of the majority of the boys – which makes Jack very powerful and he becomes the new leader on the island. Once Jack is given this authority, he extends his power over his ‘tribe’ by making them fearful and in awe of him as well as the beast. He does this by concealing his civilised identity with a mask of clay paint, changing his name so he is known only as chief, ordering his tribe to perform rituals; ‘ ‘Go on!’ The two savages looked at each other, raised their spears and spoke in time. ‘The Chief has spoken.’ ‘. And making them dance to celebrate the savage act of killing a pig. As order disintegrates on the island, the boys descend to savagery. This is best illustrated by the choir. They begin the novel in smart uniforms promoting their group identity. They then become hunters, and begin to enjoy killing the pigs. Jack then releases his savage instincts by making his mask, and they all follow suit, degenerating into a tribe of savage killers. Every time the group kills, it becomes more of a ritual and less of an actual hunt for food. This continues throughout the novel until the final hunt – which is the hunt for Ralph. This is made even more disturbing when Golding makes Roger sharpen a stick ‘at both ends’. We cannot be sure whether they intend to cut Ralph’s head off and put it on one end of the stick with the other end in the ground, or whether they intend to thrust the stick through his body and cook him over a fire. Either way, this shows just how much the boys have changed – there is no element of civilisation left and the descent to savagery is complete. Order is destroyed on the island because of the natural savagery that is inside human beings. The reader presumes that more prominent figures like Jack and Roger are ‘evil’, but all they are doing is giving in to their instincts. The only reason why Piggy and Ralph can remain civilised is by battling with their instincts, a battle that they lose at times in the book, such as at the time of Simons death. All the boys needed for their instincts take over was an escape from the influences of civilisation. I think Golding is trying to convey how weak civilisation is, as well as showing that all humans have the potential for savage behaviour. The island is a microcosm of the outside world – when the boys set fire to the island at the end, the adults are also setting fire to their world with the atom bomb. Golding has been quoted as saying that ‘anyone who lived through the Second World War and didn’t believe that men produced evil just as bees produced honey must be ignorant or mad’ – he very successfully uses the book as his argument.

Genetics Lab Report

Reshmi Radhakrishnan, TA: Jared Tues Rm 24 Experiment 6 Purpose: To analyze if diploid yeast strain heterozygous for ARG8 ADE2 HIS3/arg8 ade2 his3 on chromosome XV and TRP1/trp1 on chromosome IV irradiated with UV light underwent mitotic recombination to form homozygous recessive ade2/ade2 mutants. The ade2/ade2 mutant are selected then plated on different media to observe if the homozygous recessive mutants were due to mitotic recombination. Controls: If all the red cells grew on the CSM-Trp plates, than it would show that they are wild type for the TRP1 gene.All of the plates showed thick white colonies for the CSM-Trp plates. They should have been red because the ade2 colony streaked on the plate was red. They were still white because the adenine from the plate had not been exhausted. However, the cells are ade2- because they are red on all the other replica plates. The CSM-Ade plates are also a control. In order to ensure that the cells are ade2-, they would not be able to grown on this plate or have sparse red colonies. Because the cells have the dysfunctional form of the ade2 gene, they would not be able to survive with adenine present in the plate.Since YPD plate was the last replica plate, it was used as a control to make sure that the transfer was effective for all the other plates. Since red colonies appear red on all the other media plates, it is concluded that the transfer was effective. Results: Growth on the replica plating Plate| 1| 2| 3| 4| CSM-Arg| Red colonies| Red| Red| Red| CSM-Ade| Sparse Red| No growth| Sparse Red | Sparse Red| CSM-His| Sparse Red| Red| Red| Red| CSM-Trp| White| White| White | White| YPD| Red| Red | Red| Red| Conclusion: We plated the red colonies or sectors on CSM-Arg, CSM-His, and CSM-His to iscern the genotype of each colony or sector. Colony 1 is ade1 his3 because of the sparse red growth seen on the CSM-Ade and CSM-His plate. Colony 2, 3 and 4 are ade2. The colonies on the CSM-Trp plates were white but should have bee n red. They were white because they haven’t exhausted the adenine present in the plate. Many of the ade2 cells were also his3 because the recombination occurred between the ade2 gene and centromere. Since mitotic recombination is rare, the chance of double recombination is improbable so the cells would ARG8.Further Questions: i. Yeast can also exist in haploid form. So the ade2 his3 arg8 genotype is possible if there is only one copy of the chromosome and there is loss of the chromosome that was wild type for all the genes. ii. Red sectors in white colonies arise mitotic recombination, by loss of the entire chromosome containing the ade2+ allele, by a deletion of the portion of the chromosome containing the ade2+ allele, or by spontaneous mutation of the ade2+ allele to an ade2- allele. ii. Red colonies were ade2 before the first division on the plate. Red sectors arise from successive divisions after on the plate. Red colonies can also arise from loss of chromosome with the ADE2 allele, mutation of the ADE2 allele, or deletion of the ADE2 allele. iv. If it is a red sector, it is possible to be due to recombination. However reversion from ade2 to ADE2, cannot be distinguished from the white colonies because they look they same phenotypically.

Technological rationality and social control ( it could be revised) Term Paper

Technological rationality and social control ( it could be revised) - Term Paper Example Such, just when we thought that our fascination is a manifestation of being able to keep up with what is the latest, it is in fact became a source of our bondage – a shackle that we cannot see whom we have unknowingly and voluntarily chained ourselves to become unfree. Herbert Marcuse identified the root of our enslavement to technology in two distinct needs of which he lucidly differentiated. He identified that there are two needs of man in particular and society in general to be â€Å"true needs† and â€Å"repressive needs†. True needs are those needs that needed to be satisfied with things that we cannot live without that we â€Å"truly need† in order to live. We can call them necessity such as food, shelter and some amenities in life such as transport which is driven by technology. â€Å"Repressive needs† are those needs that we really do not need but we may actually want. The list is long because want can never be satisfied in the first place. The invention of technology used to belong in the category of â€Å"true needs† where it truly helped us to make things easier and our lives better. Its advances has civilized us and made us more productive. In gratitude, we laud these advances but overdid it to the point that we became beholden to them. Our increasing dependency towards technology propelled it to advance beyond our true needs as capitalists expanded its use to become a source of profit and control that it became â€Å"repressive needs† because it no longer serve our â€Å"true needs† but rather invented needs that are unnecessary. What used to be or could be a tool for liberation now became a source of enslavement of which we all are willing to be shackled. It is not only the capitalists who used it to enslave society because the government too had its share of using it to control society and nations. Marcuse identified the government use of technology to unfree us by using it in weapons and pr opaganda. Basically a tool of war – weapons in fighting through military hardware (weapons) and winning the heart and minds of the population through media (propaganda). It is interesting to note that Herbert Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man was published in 1964 during the height of cold war between United States and Russia yet the realities it portrayed is still relevant today especially the use of technology to control people. It may not be as direct as it used to be during the cold war where government used the technology of media to sow hatred and animosity among its citizens against its enemies but it is still present today. We can gleaned from different government advertisement such as the advertisement of Homeland Security where it always advertise the possibility of terror attack and always ask the people to report and cooperate to authorities about any untoward incident. At the onset, it may sound harmless and even helpful but if we dig in deeper on the subtleti es of its meaning, it is basically asking the people to be subservient to government by sowing fear in them about an enemy, imaginary or real and presenting itself as its protector to control them. Generally, we are also unaware of how technology is used by the government to control people through the use of weapons. We often wonder why America has enemies that hated it so much to the point of blowing themselves up such as the case of suicide bombers. Marcuse provided a perspective that It is because of the government’

Understanding lab tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding lab tests - Essay Example Every Year nearly 1.5 million individuals in the U.S. suffer a heart attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) and of these approximately 500,000 die. Ischemic Heart Disease is the principal cause of death in the U.S."This can be achieved by adding cardiac biomarkers in the artillery. ECG is the primary diagnostic tool which is nearly 100% specific but sensitivity is only63-82%. Gold standard of investigation for detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction is CK-MB; Cardiac specific Troponin can be added to this for better results. Coronary artery disease to a major degree is due to atheroma and its complications mainly thrombosis. Elevated LDL cholesterol is the single contributor of atherosclerosis LDLc, gets deposited in subendothilial layer of intima of the artery. This deposited LDLc can be removed from the site by HDL. But when triglycerides increases it is associated with decrease in HDL, this decrease in HDL cannot effectively remove LDL, thus helping atherosclerosis.LDLc as such cannot initiate inflammatory response. It needs to be oxidized, which is .brought about by free oxygen radicals. The rise in oxidized LDL in sub -endothelial layer increases the oxidized LDL in the blood and is a highly sensitive index of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL causes release of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule from endothelial cells. This causes adhesion of monocytes to endothelial layer. Oxidized LDL also causes release of Monocyte Chemo Attractant Protein1 (MCP1) which facilitates entry of monocytes into sub endothelia l tissue. Here they converted into macrophages .They absorb cholesterol to form foam cells. The oxidized LDL also gets absorbed on to the surface receptors of the scavenger cells. These foam cells accumulate beneath the sub -endothelial layer of the arteries to form fatty streaks. The foam cells then liberate some factors which cause migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells; these surround the foam cells and induce formation of collagen. The foam cells eventually die off liberating cholesterol in the cavity. Thus atheroma has a central core of cholesterol with a fibrous cap. http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/cmecircle/2002/2036/figure-2-large.jpg The free oxygen radicals cause endothelial dysfunction by inactivating released nitric oxide and inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis. The endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis since normal endothelium releases nitric oxide which in turn inhibits VCAM. Diabetes, smoking, hyper tension, hyper homocysteinemia and increased LDL cholesterol all contribute to oxidative stress. Thus atherosclerotic artery disease begins with a fatty streak on the blood vessel surface which may enlarge to form fatty plaque. The subsequent narrowing of the arteries may eventually lead to disruption of the plaque and to thrombus formation with further reduction of blood flow, thus paving the way for acute myocardial infarction. Complete obstruction of blood results in myocardial necrosis within 20 minutes with maximum irreversible injury occurring within 6 hours. So the restoration of blood flow to the damaged myocardium within two hours but not later than 6 hours can salvage it. http://labs.ansci.uiuc.edu/meatscience/Library/309%20lipid%20transport.gif http://medtech.hcu.ac.th/pic/lipid.jpg Lipid profile Lipid profile is a group of tests to find out the level of LDL, VLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, and T.Cholesterol / HDL ratio. This is used alone or in combination with other risk factors like age, gender, BP, smoking in Framingham score or along with other biomarkers in predicting the risk of a/c Myocardial Infarction. This is a simple blood test .Patient is advised to come on empty stomach

Abacus in the world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abacus in the world - Research Paper Example mechanical frame containing several rods on which are mounted wooden beads which can be slid manually into different positions and combinations to represent numbers† (188). Materials used to make early abacuses in different regions varied. For example, among the Maya and Aztec people of Mesoamerica, maize kernels threaded on strings were used instead of beads, while the Inca people who lived in Peru centuries ago had an abacus that was made up of a â€Å"tray with compartments that were arranged in rows in which counters were moved in order to make calculations† (Keoke and Porterfield 1). The abacus originated from the Middle East thousands of years ago. Jain asserts that its evolution took place in 3000 B.C. (7). Darling points out that â€Å"the word appears to come from the Hebrew á ºÅ¡bá ºÅ¡q (dust) or the Phoenician abak (sand) via the Greek abax, which refers to a small tray covered with sand to hold the pebbles steady† (3). Over the centuries, there have been different types of abacuses. The first type was called suanpan and was used in China in 1300 (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney 349). There is no agreement regarding who invented this type of abacus but it is that believed it was the Chinese, Japanese or Koreans. Barnes-Svarney and Svarney affirm that â€Å"although merchants used this type of abacus for standard addition and subtraction operations, it could also be used to determine square and cube roots of numbers† (349). The other type of abacus was the soroban or the Japanese abacus. Apart from the fact that it lacked a bead in the upper and lower deck of every column, it was very similar to the Chinese abacus. The Roman abacus also had one bead lacking from the upper and lower deck of every column making it very similar to the Japanese abacus. According to Barnes-Svarney and Svarney, â€Å"the Russians also have their own version of an abacus; it uses ten beads on each wire, and a single deck† (349). To separate the two wires, a wire with fewer beads is